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--- vietnam_civil_war [2023/08/06 05:25]
eziothekilla34 created
+++ vietnam_civil_war [2023/08/09 13:33] (current)
eziothekilla34
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 The war was known by several names, including the Second Indochina War, the American War (in Vietnam), and the Vietnam War (in the West).[([[https://www.britannica.com/event/Vietnam-War|britannica]])]
-===== Headline =====
+===== M16 =====
+The M16 rifle, an iconic U.S. military weapon, was first introduced during the Vietnam War.[([[https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/the-ak-47-vs-the-m16-during-the-vietnam-war/|warfarehistorynetwork]])]
+===== Anti-war Music =====
+The war inspired a vast amount of anti-war music and protest songs, with artists like Bob Dylan and John Lennon expressing their opposition through their music.[([[http://peacehistory-usfp.org/protest-music-vietnam-war/|peacehistory]])]
+===== Pentagon Papers =====
+The Pentagon Papers, leaked by Daniel Ellsberg in 1971, revealed classified documents detailing the extent of U.S. government deception regarding the war.[([[https://www.newyorker.com/news/american-chronicles/the-deceit-and-conflict-behind-the-leak-of-the-pentagon-papers|newyorker]])]
+===== Impact On Environment =====
+The war had significant impacts on the environment, including deforestation and soil erosion due to extensive bombing and chemical usage.[([[https://environmentalmigration.iom.int/blogs/environmental-and-migratory-consequences-vietnam-war|environmentalmigration]])]
+===== Hanoi Hilton =====
+The "Hanoi Hilton" was a nickname for the Hoa Lo Prison in North Vietnam, where American prisoners of war (POWs) were held captive.[([[https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/197500/the-hanoi-hilton-and-other-prisons/|nationalmuseum]])]
+===== Jane Fonda =====
+Jane Fonda, an American actress and anti-war activist, made a controversial visit to North Vietnam in 1972, earning her the nickname "Hanoi Jane."[([[https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/09/18/how-jane-fondas-1972-trip-to-north-vietnam-earned-her-the-nickname-hanoi-jane/|washingtonpost]])]
+===== The War Powers Resolution =====
+The War Powers Resolution of 1973 was passed by the U.S. Congress in response to concerns over the president's ability to unilaterally commit military forces without congressional approval.[([[https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/news/war-powers-resolution-1973|nixonlibrary]])]
+===== Paris Peace Accords =====
+The Paris Peace Accords of 1973 aimed to establish a ceasefire and pave the way for the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Vietnam.[([[https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/paris-peace-accords-signed|history]])]
+===== Operation Rolling Thunder =====
+Operation Rolling Thunder was a sustained U.S. bombing campaign against North Vietnam, lasting from 1965 to 1968.[([[https://www.afhistory.af.mil/FAQs/Fact-Sheets/Article/458992/1965-operation-rolling-thunder/|afhistory]])]
+===== Political Structure =====
+North Vietnam's political structure was based on Marxist-Leninist principles, with the Communist Party holding central control.[([[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20067613|jstor]])]
+===== Battle of Dien Bien Phu =====
+The Battle of Dien Bien Phu in 1954 was a decisive victory for the Viet Minh (communist forces), leading to the French withdrawal from Vietnam.[([[https://www.history.com/topics/european-history/battle-of-dien-bien-phu|history]])]
+===== Saigon Execution =====
+The Saigon Execution, a photograph capturing the moment a South Vietnamese general executed a Viet Cong prisoner, became a symbol of the brutality of the war.[([[https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/01/world/asia/vietnam-execution-photo.html|nytimes]])]
+===== Domino Theory =====
+The "Domino Theory" was a belief that if one country in Southeast Asia fell to communism, neighboring countries would follow suit, just like falling dominoes.[([[https://academic-accelerator.com/encyclopedia/domino-theory|academic-accelerator]])]
+===== Transport, Support And Medical Evacuations =====
+The war saw the extensive use of helicopters for troop transport, combat support, and medical evacuations.[([[https://vietnam.ttu.edu/exhibits/helicopter/support.php|vietnam]])]
+===== Destroy The Village To Save It =====
+The famous quote "We had to destroy the village in order to save it" was attributed to an anonymous U.S. military officer describing the bombing campaign's approach.[([[https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2018-02-09/destroying-a-quote-s-history-in-order-to-save-it|bloomberg]])]
+===== Cu Chi Tunnels =====
+The North Vietnamese Army (NVA) and the Viet Cong used an extensive network of underground tunnels, known as the Cu Chi Tunnels, for hiding and transportation.[([[https://www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war/cu-chi-tunnels|history]])]
+===== Deaths =====
+The war resulted in the deaths of millions of people, including both military personnel and civilians.[([[https://www.highpointnc.gov/2113/Vietnam-War|highpointnc]])]
+===== Fall Of Saigon =====
+The last U.S. troops left Vietnam on March 29, 1973, but the war continued until the fall of Saigon on April 30, 1975, when North Vietnamese forces captured the city, reuniting Vietnam under communist rule.[([[https://www.airandspaceforces.com/article/0400saigon/|airandspaceforces]])]
+===== Refugees And Displacement =====
+The war resulted in the displacement of millions of people, with many refugees fleeing the country in the aftermath of the conflict.[([[https://www.americanforeignrelations.com/O-W/The-Vietnam-War-and-Its-Impact-Refugees-and-boat-people.html|americanforeignrelations]])]
+===== The Vietnam War Memorial =====
+The Vietnam War Memorial in Washington, D.C., designed by Maya Lin, is a poignant tribute to the fallen soldiers, listing over 58,000 names.[([[https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/global-contemporary-apah/20th-century-apah/v/mayalin-vietnamvetmem|khanacademy]])]
+===== Veterans And Traumas =====
+The war's legacy has had lasting impacts on Vietnam and the United States, with veterans experiencing physical and psychological traumas.[([[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4592659/|ncbi]])]
+===== Vietnam Veterans Facing Difficulties Back Home =====
+Many Vietnam veterans faced difficulties readjusting to civilian life and experienced negative public perception upon their return.[([[https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2011/12/08/the-difficult-transition-from-military-to-civilian-life/|pewresearch]])]
+===== Changes In U.S Foreign Policy =====
+The war prompted significant changes in U.S. foreign policy and led to a period of cautiousness in American interventionism.[([[https://research.reading.ac.uk/research-blog/vietnam-war-how-us-involvement-has-influenced-foreign-policy-decisions-over-50-years/|reading]])]
+===== Paris Peace Accords =====
+The Paris Peace Accords led to the release of U.S. prisoners of war, including future Senator John McCain.[([[https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/109716/operation-homecoming-for-vietnam-pows-marks-40-years/|af]])]
+===== End Of War =====
+The fall of Saigon marked the end of the war and the beginning of a unified communist Vietnam.[([[https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-fall-of-saigon-during-the-vietnam-war-causes-and-timeline.html|study]])]
+===== Division Among Vietnamese Society =====
+The Vietnam Civil War deeply divided Vietnamese society, with families and communities split between North and South.[([[https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/history/cold-war/the-vietnam-war/|studysmarter]])]
+===== Socialist Republic of Vietnam =====
+Vietnam's reunification led to the establishment of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam with Hanoi as its capital.[([[https://www.nytimes.com/1976/07/03/archives/2-parts-of-vietnam-officially-reunited-leadership-chosen-north-and.html|nytimes]])]
+===== Impact On Infrastructure Etc. =====
+The war left a profound impact on Vietnam's infrastructure, economy, and social fabric.[([[https://eml.berkeley.edu/~groland/pubs/vietnamoct09.pdfl|berkeley]])]
+===== Normalization Of Relations =====
+The normalization of relations between the U.S. and Vietnam occurred in 1995, decades after the war's end.[([[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20752052|jstor]])]
+===== Controversial And Emotional Conflict =====
+The Vietnam Civil War remains a controversial and emotionally charged topic, with ongoing efforts to understand its complexities and learn from its lessons.[([[https://journals.openedition.org/ejas/10844|openedition]])]

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