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--- tsunami [2023/01/11 05:14]
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 Hawaii, Alaska, Washington, Oregon, and California are the U.S. states most at risk from tsunamis.[([[https://nws.weather.gov/nthmp/ushazard.html|weather]])]
+===== Chile Earthquake =====
+On May 22, 1960, a massive earthquake struck more than 100 miles off the coast of Chile. 80-foot waves hit the beachfront within 15 minutes after the 9.5 quake. Hawaii was hit by tsunami waves fifteen hours after the earthquake, while Japan was hit by the tsunami 22 hours later, 10,000 miles away.[([[https://www.britannica.com/event/Chile-earthquake-of-1960|britannica]])]
+===== Tsunami Induced By A Meteorite=====
+No one has ever seen a meteorite-induced tsunami, but many scientists believe that such an event may have wiped out all life on Earth more than 3.5 billion years ago.[([[https://www.e-education.psu.edu/earth107/node/1623|education.psu]])]
+===== Tsunami Waves =====
+While the speed of wind-generated waves can range from 2 to 60 miles (3.2 to 97 km/h), the speed of a jet airliner, tsunami waves can reach 600 miles (970 km/h).[([[https://www.weather.gov/jetstream/tsuwind_max|weather]])]
+===== Indian Ocean Hit By An Asteroid =====
+The Indian Ocean was reportedly hit by an asteroid some 4,800 years ago, according to scientists. It is estimated that the resulting wave was around 600 feet (180 m) high.[([[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/14/science/14WAVE.html|nytimes]])]
+===== Earthquake-Induced Tsunamis =====
+When a lighter tectonic plate is driven over a heavier plate or along subduction zones, tsunamis are caused by earthquakes. The whole water column above the ocean floor is moved by a quick rise or decrease in the ocean floor. A tsunami is caused by the ocean's level fluctuating above the earthquake. In most cases, if the tectonic plates split apart or glide past one other, a tsunami won't form.[([[https://www.weather.gov/jetstream/gen_earth|weather]])]
+===== Palm Trees =====
+With their long, exposed trunks, palm trees are perfectly suited to life on the beach and frequently survive tsunamis unharmed.[([[https://www.oasdom.com/big-tsunami-17-facts/|oasdom]])]
+===== Indian Ocean Tsunami In 2004 =====
+More than 216,000, and potentially as many as 283,000, people perished in the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami.[([[https://www.worldvision.org/disaster-relief-news-stories/2004-indian-ocean-earthquake-tsunami-facts|worldvision]])]
+===== Inundation =====
+The region of inundation is the furthest inland (horizontally) point that is inundated by tsunami waters.[([[https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/tsunami-terms|usgs]])]
+===== Run-Up =====
+The run-up is the name given to the vertically highest point that the water reaches.[([[https://www.sms-tsunami-warning.com/pages/runup-inundation|sms-tsunami-warning]])]
+===== Potential Tsunami =====
+The Canary Islands may be the site of the upcoming mega-tsunami, according to scientists. With waves reaching more than 100 feet high, the super tsunami might traverse the Atlantic Ocean and destroy U.S. coastal towns including New York, Boston, and Miami.[([[https://www.e-education.psu.edu/earth107/node/1609|education.psu]])]
+===== Mega-Tsunami =====
+A landslide is typically to blame for "mega-tsunamis", which are tsunamis with incredibly tall waves.[([[https://www.refdesk.com/archives/may16fd.html|refdesk]])]
+===== Largest Tsunami Measured =====
+The largest tsunami ever measured, at 1,700 feet (534 m), was created by a mega-tsunami in Lituya Bay in Alaska in 1958. Amazingly, just two persons passed away.[([[https://www.refdesk.com/archives/may16fd.html|refdesk]])]
+===== If Trapped In A Tsunami Wave =====
+If you are trapped in a tsunami wave, it is best to grasp hold of something floating and let the current take you rather than trying to swim.[([[https://twitter.com/fact/status/485626325663621121|twitter]])]
+===== Seiches =====
+Similar to tsunamis, seiches (SAYSH uhz) happen in contained bodies of water like lakes or inland seas as opposed to seas and oceans. They typically cause less damage and are smaller than tsunamis. The most frequent reason for seiches is wind.[([[https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/seiche|sciencedirect]])]
+===== Tsunami In Japanese =====
+Japanese for tsunami is "harbor wave" (tsu = harbor + nami = wave), which reflects Japan's history of frequent tsunamis.[([[http://itic.ioc-unesco.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=1340&Itemid=1138|unesco]])]
+===== Average Speed Of Tsunami In Coastal Locations =====
+The average speed of a tsunami when it strikes coastal locations is roughly 22 mph (35 km/h). Depending on the terrain along the shore and the slope of the beach, the pace as it flows inland differs significantly. The force of the tsunami backwash can be comparable to or even greater than the original impact in some circumstances.[([[https://www.climate-policy-watcher.org/plate-tectonics/force-of-tsunami-impact-and-backwash.html|climate-policy-watcher]])]
+===== Indonesian 9.0 Earthquake Energy =====
+The Indonesian 9.0 earthquake in 2004 released more energy than all the earthquakes on the planet in the last 25 years combined. A segment of seafloor the size of the state of California moved upward and seaward by more than 30 feet, displacing huge amounts of water.[([[https://www.climate-policy-watcher.org/plate-tectonics/sumatra-2004-magnitude-90-and-indian-ocean-tsunami.html|climate-policy-watcher]])]
+===== 1964 Tsunami In Alaska =====
+On March 28, 1964, an earthquake measuring 8.4 on the Richter scale rocked Alaska, causing the costliest tsunami to ever hit the western United States and Canada. More than 120 individuals died as a result of waves that rose as high as 21 feet.[([[https://sos.noaa.gov/catalog/datasets/tsunami-historical-series-alaska-1964/|sos]])]
+===== Hawaii =====
+Hawaii is the state most at risk from a tsunami. About once a year, and once every seven years, a destructive tsunami hits Hawaii. A destructive tsunami occurs in California, Oregon, and Washington roughly every 18 years.[([[https://www.ready.gov/kids/disaster-facts/tsunamis|ready]])]
+===== Women And Children =====
+Women and children made up a large portion of the tsunami victims in the Indian Ocean in 2004. Children were apparently too feeble to battle the powerful currents, and many women were reportedly waiting along the beaches for their husbands to return from fishing.[([[https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10546/115038/bn-tsunami-impact-on-women-250305-en.pdf|oxfamilibrary]])]
+===== Lost City Of Mahabalipuram =====
+Mahabalipuram, the capital of a strong monarchy that traded with China, Rome, Greece, Arabia, and Egypt about 1,500 years ago, was lost until the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004 revealed it.[([[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/tsunami-revealed-lost-indian-city/|cbsnews]])]
+===== Contamination By Tsumanis =====
+By leaving behind significant amounts of salt, tsunamis can contaminate freshwater surface and groundwater systems as well as soil. As a result, thousands of people may still perish from sickness and malnutrition years after the tsunami.[([[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221921237_Tsunamis_as_Long-Term_Hazards_to_Coastal_Groundwater_Resources_and_Associated_Water_Supplies|researchgate]])]
+===== Pacific Ring Of Fire =====
+Although tsunamis have been reported in every ocean on Earth, the Pacific "Ring of Fire" accounts for around 80% of all documented tsunamis.[([[http://itic.ioc-unesco.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=1340&Itemid=1138|unesco]])]
+===== Tsunami Force On Land =====
+The force of a tsunami on land is thousands of times greater than that of a typical wave. Wind pushing water at an ocean's or other body of water's surface produces regular waves. An incident that impacts the whole water column, from the ocean floor to its surface, causes tsunami waves.[([[https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/tsunami-wave|sciencedirect]])]

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