Sigmund Freud was born on May 6, 1856, in Freiberg, Moravia, which is now part of the Czech Republic.¹⁾

He was the firstborn of eight children in his family.²⁾

Freud's original name was Sigismund Schlomo Freud, but he later changed it to Sigmund.³⁾

He studied medicine at the University of Vienna, graduating in 1881.⁴⁾

Freud initially trained as a neurologist and worked at Vienna General Hospital.⁵⁾

He conducted research on the nervous system and published several influential papers on neurology.⁶⁾

Freud developed the idea that unconscious thoughts and desires influence human behavior, leading to the creation of psychoanalysis.⁷⁾

His work on the interpretation of dreams, published in 1899, is considered one of his most important and influential writings.⁸⁾

Freud proposed the existence of three levels of consciousness: conscious, preconscious, and unconscious.⁹⁾

He introduced the concept of the “id,” “ego,” and “superego” as components of the human psyche.¹⁰⁾

Freud believed that dreams were a window into the unconscious mind and could reveal repressed desires and conflicts.¹¹⁾

He popularized the idea of the Oedipus complex, which suggests that boys have unconscious sexual desires for their mothers and rivalry with their fathers.¹²⁾

Freud's clinical practice included the use of techniques such as free association, where patients would express thoughts and feelings without censorship.¹³⁾

He emphasized the role of sexuality in human development and behavior.¹⁴⁾

Freud proposed that personality is formed during childhood through a series of psychosexual stages: oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital.¹⁵⁾

He coined the term “narcissism” to describe excessive self-love and self-absorption.¹⁶⁾

Freud's book “The Interpretation of Dreams” was initially met with skepticism but later gained recognition as a groundbreaking work.¹⁷⁾

He was a proponent of the idea that humans are motivated by the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain.¹⁸⁾

Freud's work on hysteria and the case of Anna O., studied in collaboration with Josef Breuer, laid the groundwork for psychoanalysis.¹⁹⁾

He believed that the unconscious mind was the primary source of psychological disturbances.²⁰⁾

Freud's theories have been criticized for their lack of empirical evidence and reliance on introspection.²¹⁾

Despite the controversies, Freud's influence on psychology and psychiatry remains significant.²²⁾

He was a prolific writer of letters and corresponded with many colleagues, friends, and family members.²³⁾

Freud's concept of the “death instinct” suggested that humans have an innate drive toward self-destruction and aggression.²⁴⁾

He wrote about the psychological impact of war in his essay “Thoughts for the Times on War and Death.”²⁵⁾

Freud's work laid the foundation for the development of psychotherapy and counseling as professions.²⁶⁾

He was a proponent of the use of humor as a coping mechanism and explored the psychology of jokes in his book “Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious.”²⁷⁾

Freud's theories on religion and spirituality, particularly the idea of the “illusion of religion,” stirred controversy and debate.²⁸⁾

He conducted extensive self-analysis and explored his own dreams and experiences as part of his psychoanalytic work.²⁹⁾

Freud's influence extended beyond psychology into fields such as sociology, anthropology, and literary criticism.³⁰⁾

Today, Freud's ideas continue to be a subject of debate and discussion in the field of psychology, with both supporters and critics shaping the ongoing evolution of psychoanalysis.³¹⁾