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-====== Nobel Prize ======
+====== The Nobel Prize ======
 ==== What is the Nobel Prize ====
-The award is granted for outstanding scientific and literary achievements or merits for societies and mankind, established by the last will of the founder, Swedish industrialist and inventor of dynamite, Alfred Nobel. The first ceremony of this award was held at the Royal Academy of Music in Stockholm in 1901. [([[http://www.nobelprize.org/ceremonies/archive/]])]
+The award is granted for outstanding scientific and literary achievements or merits for societies and mankind, established by the last will of the founder, Swedish industrialist, and inventor of dynamite, Alfred Nobel. The first ceremony of this award was held at the Royal Academy of Music in Stockholm in 1901. [([[http://www.nobelprize.org/ceremonies/archive/|Nobel Prize]])]
 ==== Fredrik S. Heffermehl ====
-The Nobel Peace Prize is criticized by Norwegian peace activist Fredrik S. Heffermehl for awarding it, in his opinion, against the guidelines of the Nobel Peace Prize itself, especially among the prizes awarded after 1945. Heffermehl believes that the personal preferences of the members of the committee are more important in selecting the winners than the founder's intentions. [([[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredrik_Heffermehl#Nobel_Peace_Prize_criticism]])]
+The Nobel Peace Prize is criticized by Norwegian peace activist Fredrik S. Heffermehl for awarding it, in his opinion, against the guidelines of the Nobel Peace Prize itself, especially among the prizes awarded after 1945. Heffermehl believes that the personal preferences of the members of the committee are more important in selecting the winners than the founder's intentions. [([[https://www.ipsnews.net/2013/12/nobel-peace-expanding-scandal/|Internet Press Service]])]
 ==== Impossible to claim in person ====
-In the history of the Nobel Peace Prize to date, five times it has not been possible for the winners to claim the award in person, mainly for political reasons. For example, in 1935 Adolf Hitler did not release the pacifist Carl von Ossetzky from the labor camp. Then in 1983, Lech Walesa did not decide to go to Oslo for fear of not being let back to Poland by the then authorities (the prize was claimed by his wife and son). And in 2010 the communist regime in China did not release Liu Xiaobo from prison. [([[https://web.archive.org/web/20100612182809/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/nobelprize_facts.html]])]
+In the history of the Nobel Peace Prize to date, there have been five instances when it has not been possible for the winners to claim the award in person, mainly for political reasons. For example, in 1935 Adolf Hitler did not release the pacifist Carl von Ossetzky from a labor camp. Then, in 1983, Lech Walesa did not decide to go to Oslo for fear of not being let back into Poland by the then authorities (the prize was claimed by his wife and son). In 2010, the communist regime in China did not release Liu Xiaobo from prison. [([[https://web.archive.org/web/20100612182809/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/nobelprize_facts.html|Archive]])]
 ==== The alternative Nobel Prize ====
-Right Livelihood Award - founded in 1980 by the Swedish writer and philanthropist Jakob von Uexküll, and awarded annually to those "working on practical and exemplary solutions to the most urgent challenges the world faces today. An international jury usually awards four prizes each year to individuals or institutions working for the protection of the environment, human rights, sustainable development, education, peace, etc. Each of the winners receives an award of approximately 55,000 euros (this does not apply to honorary award winners). The award is sometimes called the "alternative Nobel Prize". [([[https://www.rightlivelihoodaward.org]])]
+The Right Livelihood Award was founded in 1980 by the Swedish writer and philanthropist Jakob von Uexküll and is awarded annually to those "working on practical and exemplary solutions to the most urgent challenges the world faces today." An international jury usually awards four prizes each year to individuals or institutions working for the protection of the environment, human rights, sustainable development, education, peace, etc. Each of the winners receives an award of approximately 55,000 Euros (this does not apply to honorary award winners). The award is sometimes called the "alternative Nobel Prize". [([[https://www.rightlivelihoodaward.org|Right Livelihood Award]])]
 ==== John B. Goodenough ====
-John B. Goodenough is the oldest Nobel Prize, winner. In 2019, at the age of 97, he received the Chemistry Award. [([[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Goodenough/]])]
+John B. Goodenough is the oldest Nobel Prize, winner. In 2019, at the age of 97, he received the Chemistry Award. [([[https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-B-Goodenough|Britannica]])]
+==== First Nobel Prize in Physics ====
+The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded in 1901 to Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, in recognition for the discovery of "the remarkable rays subsequently named after him". [([[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1901/summary/|Nobel Prize]])]
+==== Nobel Prize twice ====
+The only people awarded Nobel Prize twice are Marie Sklodowska-Curie, Frederick Sanger, Linus Pauling and John Bardeen. [([[https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/science/leading-figures/the-magnificent-four-who-received-the-nobel-prize-twice/|Open Mind]])]
+==== 10th December ====
+The Nobel Prizes are presented to the winners at a ceremony held in Stockholm on December 10, which is the anniversary of Alfred Nobel's death. [([[https://www.nobelprize.org/ceremonies/the-nobel-prize-award-ceremonies-and-banquets/|Nobel Prize]])]
+==== Over 900 individuals and organizations ====
+To date, over 900 individuals and organizations have been awarded the Nobel Prize. [([[https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/nobel-prize-winners-laureates-charts-graphics-science|National Geographic]])]
+==== Nobel Prize in Economics ====
+The Nobel Prize in Economics was established in 1968 and is awarded to individuals who have made significant contributions to the field of economics. [([[https://www.investopedia.com/terms/n/nobel-memorial-prize-in-economic-sciences.asp|Investopedia]])]
+==== Nobel Prize in Literature ====
+The Nobel Prize in Literature is awarded to an author who has produced "in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction". [([[https://www.livescience.com/16364-nobel-prize-literature-history.html|Live Science]])]
+==== Alfred Nobel's will ====
+Nobel's will, which was written in 1895, stated that the majority of his fortune should be used to establish the Nobel Prizes, which would be awarded annually to individuals who had made the greatest contributions to the fields of physics, chemistry, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. [([[https://www.nobelpeaceprize.org/nobel-peace-prize/history/alfred-nobel-s-will|Nobel Peace Prize]])]
+==== Nobel Peace Prize ====
+The Nobel Peace Prize is awarded to an individual or organization that has made significant contributions to the promotion of peace and reconciliation. [([[https://www.un.org/en/about-us/nobel-peace-prize|United Nations]])]
+==== Alfred Nobel ====
+Nobel was a brilliant inventor and scientist who made important contributions to the fields of chemistry, physics, and engineering. He is best known for his invention of dynamite, which he patented in 1867. [([[https://www.thoughtco.com/alfred-nobel-biography-4176433|ThoughtCo]])]
+==== Set of annual international awards ====
+The Nobel Prize is a set of annual international awards that are given in a number of categories, including physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, economics, and peace. [([[https://sweden.se/work-business/study-research/the-swedish-nobel-prize|Sweden]])]
+==== Winners ====
+Some notable Nobel Prize winners include Albert Einstein, Marie Curie, Martin Luther King Jr., and Nelson Mandela. [([[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/7/infographic-nobel-prize-winners-1901-2021|Al Jazeera]])]
+{{tag>science society awards people}}

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