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--- mikhail_gorbachev [2024/05/27 05:21]
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+++ mikhail_gorbachev [2024/05/31 13:58] (current)
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 After university, Gorbachev returned to Stavropol and began his career in the Komsomol (Communist Youth League).[([[https://www.bookforum.com/print/2404/the-rise-and-fall-of-mikhail-gorbachev-18849|bookforum]])]
+===== Agricultural Background =====
+His early work focused on agriculture, and he rose through the ranks to become a regional party leader.[([[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mikhail-Gorbachev|britannica]])]
+===== Reformer =====
+Gorbachev was known for his reformist attitudes and was an advocate for modernization and anti-corruption.[([[https://www.jstor.org/stable/151659|jstor]])]
+===== Central Committee =====
+In 1971, he was elected to the Central Committee of the CPSU.[([[https://www.prlib.ru/en/history/619068|prlib]])]
+===== Politburo =====
+By 1980, Gorbachev had become a full member of the Politburo, the top decision-making body of the CPSU.[([[https://www.airandspaceforces.com/article/0388politburo/|airandspaceforces]])]
+===== General Secretary =====
+He was elected General Secretary of the CPSU on March 11, 1985, following the death of Konstantin Chernenko.[([[https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/mikhail-gorbachev-picked-to-succeed-chernenko|history]])]
+===== Young Leader =====
+At 54, he was the youngest member of the Politburo to become General Secretary since Joseph Stalin.[([[https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Mikhail-Gorbachev/274601|britannica kids]])]
+===== Glasnost =====
+He introduced the policy of "glasnost" (openness), which aimed to increase transparency in government institutions and reduce censorship.[([[https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/history/cold-war/glasnost-and-perestroika/|studysmarter]])]
+===== Perestroika =====
+Gorbachev's policy of "perestroika" (restructuring) sought to reform the stagnant Soviet economy by introducing elements of market economics.[([[https://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/perestroika-and-glasnost|history]])]
+===== Anti-Alcohol Campaign =====
+One of his early reforms was an anti-alcohol campaign to combat widespread alcoholism in the Soviet Union.[([[https://soviethistory.msu.edu/1985-2/anti-alcohol-campaign/|soviethistory]])]
+===== Chernobyl =====
+The Chernobyl nuclear disaster occurred in 1986, and the initial handling of the crisis damaged Gorbachev’s credibility, but he later used it to push for more openness.[([[https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp08s01350r000300900002-4|cia]])]
+===== INF Treaty =====
+Gorbachev signed the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF) with U.S. President Ronald Reagan in 1987, significantly reducing the nuclear arsenals of both superpowers.[([[https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/INFtreaty|armscontrol]])]
+===== Nobel Peace Prize =====
+He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1990 for his role in ending the Cold War and his efforts to promote peace and international cooperation.[([[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mikhail-Gorbachev|britannica]])]
+===== Withdrawal from Afghanistan =====
+Gorbachev oversaw the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan, a process that was completed in 1989.[([[https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/afghanistan-russia-programs/2019-02-27/soviet-withdrawal-afghanistan-1989|nsarchive]])]
+===== End of the Cold War =====
+His policies and diplomacy contributed significantly to the end of the Cold War.[([[https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/gorbachev-and-end-cold-war|belfercenter]])]
+===== Berlin Wall =====
+Gorbachev’s reforms and non-intervention policy led to the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989.[([[https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/short-history/berlinwall|state]])]
+===== Eastern Europe =====
+His policies allowed Eastern European countries to break away from Soviet control and pursue their own paths to democracy and independence.[([[https://www.jstor.org/stable/26925341|jstor]])]
+===== Criticism =====
+Despite his international acclaim, Gorbachev faced significant criticism at home for the economic hardships that accompanied his reforms.[([[https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/zcrgwsg|bbc]])]
+===== Coup Attempt =====
+In August 1991, hardline communists attempted a coup against Gorbachev, which ultimately failed but weakened his position.[([[https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE77F2GC/|reuters]])]
+===== Resignation =====
+He resigned as the President of the Soviet Union on December 25, 1991, and the Soviet Union was officially dissolved the next day.[([[https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/gorbachev-resigns-as-president-of-the-ussr|history]])]
+===== Post-Soviet Life =====
+After his resignation, Gorbachev remained active in public life, writing books and giving lectures.[([[https://academic.oup.com/book/1469/chapter/140870142|oup]])]
+===== Gorbachev Foundation =====
+He established the Gorbachev Foundation in 1991 to support research and discussion on global issues.[([[https://www.gorby.ru/en/gorbi_fund/about/|gorby]])]
+===== Green Cross International =====
+In 1993, he founded Green Cross International, an environmental organization.[([[https://www.gcint.org/|gcint]])]
+===== Presidential Run =====
+Gorbachev ran for the presidency of Russia in 1996 but received less than 1% of the vote.[([[https://www.britannica.com/question/What-did-Mikhail-Gorbachev-do-after-the-fall-of-the-Soviet-Union|britannica]])]
+===== Raisa’s Death =====
+His wife, Raisa, died in 1999 from leukemia, which was a significant personal loss for him.[([[https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/gorbachev-warns-of-decline-in-russian-western-ties-over-ukraine-a-1012992.html|spiegel]])]
+===== Pizza Hut =====
+In 1997, he appeared in a Pizza Hut commercial, which caused some controversy but highlighted the changes in Russia.[([[https://uk.movies.yahoo.com/mikhail-gorbachevs-1998-pizza-hut-001213130.html|yahoo]])]
+===== Philanthropy =====
+Gorbachev has been involved in various philanthropic efforts, particularly in health and education.[([[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704243904575630553213225286|wsj]])]
+===== Biographies =====
+He has authored several books, including his memoirs, which provide insight into his time in power and his perspective on global events.[([[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236771358_Seven_Years_That_Changed_the_World_Perestroika_in_Perspective_review|researchgate]])]
+===== Musical Tribute =====
+Paul McCartney wrote a song, "Back in the USSR," as a tribute to Gorbachev’s role in ending the Cold War.[([[https://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/academy/index.php?en_historical-acts-of-cd|culturaldiplomacy]])]
+===== Awards and Honors =====
+Gorbachev has received numerous awards and honors from various countries for his contributions to peace and democracy.[([[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-13669848|bbc]])]
+===== Public Speaking =====
+He is a sought-after public speaker and has given lectures around the world on political and environmental issues.[([[https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2002/11/harvard-gazette-mikhail-gorbachev-looking-back-on-perestroika/|harvard]])]
+===== Pop Culture =====
+Gorbachev has appeared in various documentaries and TV shows discussing his political career and the history of the Soviet Union.[([[https://distribution.tvn.pl/offer-new-programs,1366,1/gorbachev-a-man-who-changed-the-world,59203.html|tvn]])]
+===== Russian Politics =====
+He has remained a vocal critic of political developments in Russia, particularly under Vladimir Putin.[([[https://theconversation.com/mikhail-gorbachev-five-things-you-need-to-know-189709|theconversation]])]
+===== Health Issues =====
+Gorbachev has faced several health challenges in his later years but has continued to be active in public life.[([[https://www.gorby.ru/en/gorbachev/biography/|gorby]])]
+===== Recognition =====
+Despite the controversies, he is widely recognized as one of the most significant leaders of the 20th century.[([[https://daviscenter.fas.harvard.edu/insights/mikhail-gorbachev-1931-2022-magnificent-achievements-monumental-failures|harvard]])]
+===== Family =====
+Gorbachev has a daughter, Irina, and two granddaughters, Anastasia and Ksenia.[([[https://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/you/article-1022205/It-8217-s-grand-Gorby-8217-s-girl.html|dailymail]])]
+===== Legacy =====
+His legacy is a complex one, marked by both the transformative changes he brought to the Soviet Union and the challenges of the transition period.[([[https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-fmcc-worldcivilization2/chapter/fall-of-the-soviet-union/|lumenlearning]])]
+===== Documentary Subject =====
+He has been the subject of numerous documentaries, including "Meeting Gorbachev," directed by Werner Herzog.[([[https://www.documentary.org/online-feature/meeting-gorbachev-werner-herzog-seeks-heart-and-soul-russia|documentary]])]
+===== Global Influence =====
+Gorbachev’s influence extends beyond Russia, having had a profound impact on global politics and international relations.[([[https://academic.oup.com/book/1469/chapter/140872100|oup]])]

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