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martin_luther [2023/08/23 03:57]
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martin_luther [2023/08/29 00:26] (current)
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| Luther's most famous work, "Ninety-Five Theses," was a list of arguments against the Catholic Church's practice of selling indulgences. He posted it on the door of the Wittenberg Castle Church on October 31, 1517.[([[https://www.britannica.com/event/Ninety-five-Theses|britannica]])] | Luther's most famous work, "Ninety-Five Theses," was a list of arguments against the Catholic Church's practice of selling indulgences. He posted it on the door of the Wittenberg Castle Church on October 31, 1517.[([[https://www.britannica.com/event/Ninety-five-Theses|britannica]])] |
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| | ===== Starting Point Of Protestant Reformation ===== |
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| | His act of posting the Ninety-Five Theses is often considered the starting point of the Protestant Reformation.[([[https://www.loc.gov/rr/european/luther.html|loc]])] |
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| | ===== Luther's Ideas ===== |
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| | Luther's ideas challenged the authority of the Pope and the Catholic Church, sparking a theological debate that led to significant religious and social changes in Europe.[([[https://study.com/academy/lesson/martin-luther-the-95-theses-and-the-birth-of-the-protestant-reformation.html|study]])] |
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| | ===== Translation To German ===== |
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| | He translated the Bible into German, making it accessible to the common people and contributing to the development of the German language.[([[https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/luther-bible|bl]])] |
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| | ===== Crucial Role In Spread Of Reformation ===== |
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| | Luther's translation of the Bible played a crucial role in the spread of the Reformation, as it allowed people to read and understand the scriptures without relying on Latin translations.[([[https://hc.edu/museums/dunham-bible-museum/tour-of-the-museum/past-exhibits/martin-luther-and-the-scriptures/|hc]])] |
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| | ===== Sola Scriptura ===== |
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| | He believed in "sola scriptura," the idea that the Bible alone is the ultimate authority in matters of faith and doctrine.[([[https://www.gotquestions.org/sola-scriptura.html|gotquestions]])] |
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| | ===== Sola Fide ===== |
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| | Luther's teachings emphasized salvation through faith alone, "sola fide," rather than through good works or indulgences.[([[https://www.eauk.org/about-us/nations/northern-ireland/resources/the-500-project/what-are-the-five-solas-of-the-reformation|eauk]])] |
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| | ===== Katharina von Bora ===== |
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| | He married Katharina von Bora, a former nun, breaking away from the celibate tradition of the Catholic Church.[([[https://maidensandmanuscripts.com/2020/06/13/the-scandalous-marriage-of-katherina-von-bora-and-martin-luther/|maidensandmanuscripts]])] |
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| | ===== 6 Children ===== |
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| | Luther and Katharina had six children and provided a model of marriage for Protestant clergy.[([[https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/reviews/katharina-and-martin-luther-radical-marriage/|thegospelcoalition]])] |
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| | ===== Strong And Controversial Rhetoric ===== |
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| | Luther was known for his strong and sometimes controversial rhetoric, including his harsh criticism of the Pope and the Catholic Church.[([[https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jemc-2023-2037/html|degruyter]])] |
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| | ===== Hymns ===== |
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| | He wrote numerous hymns, including the famous "A Mighty Fortress Is Our God," which became a staple in Protestant worship.[([[https://www.benvaughn.com/a-mighty-fortress-is-our-god-the-battle-hymn-of-the-reformation/|benvaughn]])] |
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| | ===== Influence Of Modern Standard German ===== |
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| | Luther's writings greatly influenced the development of modern standard German, as he used the language to communicate his ideas to the wider public.[([[https://newspaperarchives.vassar.edu/?a=d&d=vq19180201-01.2.9|newspaperarchives]])] |
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| | ===== Excommunication ===== |
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| | He faced excommunication by Pope Leo X in 1521, following his refusal to recant his views at the Diet of Worms.[([[https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/martin-luther-excommunicated|history]])] |
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| | ===== Declared An Outlaw ===== |
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| | Luther was declared an outlaw by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, making it dangerous for him to travel without protection.[([[https://www.britannica.com/event/Diet-of-Worms-Germany-1521|britannica]])] |
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| | ===== Wartburg Castle ===== |
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| | During his time in hiding at Wartburg Castle, Luther translated the New Testament into German in just eleven weeks.[([[https://entdecke-deutschland.de/en/bundeslaender/thueringen/how-73-days-the-world-changed-the-luther-jubilee-at-wartburg-castle/|entdecke-deutschland]])] |
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| | ===== Translation Of New Testament ===== |
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| | His translation of the New Testament was published in September 1522, marking a significant milestone in the spread of the Reformation.[([[https://www.canadianlutheran.ca/the-enduring-word/|canadianlutheran]])] |
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| | ===== Impact Of Teachings ===== |
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| | Luther's teachings had a profound impact on the political landscape of Europe, leading to the formation of various Protestant denominations and changing the balance of power between church and state.[([[https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/10/30/how-martin-luther-changed-the-world|newyorker]])] |
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| | ===== Priesthood ===== |
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| | He argued for the priesthood of all believers, asserting that individuals could have a direct relationship with God without the need for intermediaries.[([[http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2305-08532017000200007|scielo]])] |
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| | ===== Influence Beyond Theology ===== |
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| | Luther's influence extended beyond theology; he advocated for education and played a role in the establishment of compulsory education in some German states.[([[https://place.asburyseminary.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1909&context=asburyjournal|asburyseminary]])] |
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| | ===== Teachings Spuured Social And Political Movements ===== |
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| | His teachings spurred social and political movements, contributing to the Peasants' War of 1524-1525, although Luther distanced himself from the violent aspects of the revolt.[([[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1509236|jstor]])] |
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| | ===== Anti-Semitic ===== |
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| | Luther had a complex relationship with the Jewish community. While he initially hoped to convert Jews to Christianity, his later writings contained harsh anti-Semitic sentiments.[([[https://www.christianitytoday.com/history/issues/issue-39/was-luther-anti-semitic.html|christianitytoday]])] |
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| | ===== Translation Establishing National Identity ===== |
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| | Luther's translation of the Bible became a unifying cultural and linguistic force in Germany, helping to establish a sense of national identity.[([[https://www.dw.com/en/whats-changed-in-the-new-luther-bible-and-how-the-scorpions-contributed/a-36088313|dw]])] |
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| | ===== Health Issues ===== |
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| | He suffered from various health issues throughout his life, including kidney stones, constipation, and heart problems.[([[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22586892/|ncbi]])] |
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| | ===== Prolific Writings ===== |
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| | Luther's prolific writings cover a wide range of topics, including theology, ethics, politics, and the relationship between church and state.[([[https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1140&context=auss|digitalcommons]])] |
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| | ===== Just War ===== |
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| | He supported the idea of a just war in certain circumstances, contributing to the development of the concept of "just war theory."[([[https://iep.utm.edu/justwar/|utm]])] |
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| | ===== Influence Spread Beyond Germany ===== |
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| | Luther's influence spread beyond Germany; his ideas were instrumental in the formation of Protestant churches in Scandinavia, England, and other parts of Europe.[([[https://www.historytoday.com/archive/feature/martin-luther-and-german-reformation|historytoday]])] |
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| | ===== Importance Of Music ===== |
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| | He believed in the importance of music in worship and composed hymns that integrated theology and melody.[([[https://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-293?rskey=29SnVN|oxfordre]])] |
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| | ===== Different View On Sacraments ===== |
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| | Luther's views on the sacraments differed from those of the Catholic Church; he affirmed only two sacraments, Baptism and the Lord's Supper.[([[https://www.learnreligions.com/lutheran-beliefs-and-practices-700531|learnreligions]])] |
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| | ===== Use Of Vernacular Languages ===== |
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| | He encouraged the use of vernacular languages in worship services, making religious practices more accessible to the common people.[([[https://hc.edu/museums/dunham-bible-museum/tour-of-the-museum/past-exhibits/martin-luther-and-the-scriptures/|hc]])] |
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| | ===== Widely Disseminated Thanks To Printing Press ===== |
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| | Luther's writings were widely disseminated thanks to the advent of the printing press, which played a crucial role in the success of the Reformation.[([[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2039/the-printing-press--the-protestant-reformation/|worldhistory]])] |
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| | ===== Debates With Other Reformers ===== |
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| | He engaged in theological debates with other reformers, such as Ulrich Zwingli and John Calvin, over differences in interpretation of scripture.[([[http://protestantism.co.uk/reformers|protestantism]])] |
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| | ===== Worsening Health ===== |
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| | Luther's health deteriorated in his later years, and he died on February 18, 1546, in Eisleben, the same town where he was born.[([[https://www.luther.de/en/tod.html|luther]])] |
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| | ===== Reformation Continuing After Death ===== |
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| | His death did not mark the end of the Reformation; his ideas continued to shape Protestant thought and theology for centuries to come.[([[https://www.britannica.com/event/Reformation|britannica]])] |
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| | ===== Legacy ===== |
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| | Luther's legacy includes the Lutheran tradition, which remains one of the largest Protestant denominations in the world.[([[https://repozytorium.uwb.edu.pl/jspui/bitstream/11320/6799/1/Stud_Podl_25_2017_M.Gosker_Luthers_legacy_after_500_years.pdf.pdf|uwb]])] |
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| | ===== Reformation Day ===== |
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| | He is commemorated annually on October 31, known as Reformation Day, in honor of his pivotal role in the Protestant Reformation.[([[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Reformation-Day|britannica]])] |
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| | ===== Life Story In Culture ===== |
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| | Luther's life story has been depicted in various biographies, films, and historical novels, contributing to his enduring cultural impact.[([[https://www.worldhistory.org/Martin_Luther/|worldhistory]])] |
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| | ===== Still Being Studied ===== |
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| | His writings continue to be studied by theologians, historians, and scholars, influencing discussions about religious freedom, authority, and faith.[([[https://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-374|oxfordre]])] |
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| | ===== Development Of Principles ===== |
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| | Luther's insistence on the authority of scripture contributed to the development of principles that later influenced democratic governance and individual rights. |
| | [([[https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/article_luther_s-wood.html|biblicalstudies]])] |
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| | ===== Protestant ===== |
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| | The term "Protestant" originated from the 1529 Protestation at Speyer, where German Lutheran princes protested against anti-Reformation measures.[([[https://www.catholic.com/encyclopedia/reformation-the|catholic]])] |
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| | ===== Views On Marriage And Family Life ===== |
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| | Luther's views on marriage and family life challenged the celibate traditions of the Catholic Church and contributed to the reevaluation of these norms.[([[https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1019&context=church-history-pubs|digitalcommons]])] |
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| | ===== Impact Beyond Religion ===== |
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| | Luther's impact extended beyond religious boundaries; his ideas contributed to the development of Enlightenment thought and the questioning of traditional authority structures.[([[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/luther-influence/|stanford]])] |
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