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--- edward_jenner [2024/06/10 13:03]
eziothekilla34 created
+++ edward_jenner [2024/06/13 03:33] (current)
eziothekilla34
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 Jenner noticed that milkmaids who contracted cowpox did not catch smallpox.[([[https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html|cdc]])]
+===== Experiment =====
+In 1796, Jenner performed his famous experiment by inoculating James Phipps, an 8-year-old boy, with cowpox.[([[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1200696/|ncbi]])]
+===== Success =====
+Phipps did not develop smallpox, proving Jenner's hypothesis that cowpox conferred immunity to smallpox.[([[https://collections.libraries.indiana.edu/iulibraries/s/smallpox-vaccine-exhibit/page/jenner|indiana]])]
+===== Vaccine Origin =====
+The term "vaccine" is derived from "Variolae vaccinae" (smallpox of the cow), reflecting Jenner's work with cowpox.[([[https://medicalhealthhumanities.com/2021/07/16/jenners-golden-cow-smallpox-immunization-and-the-class-divide-in-the-18th-19th-centuries/|medicalhealthhumanities]])]
+===== Publication =====
+Jenner published his findings in 1798 in a work titled "An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vaccinae".[([[https://www.sothebys.com/buy/970bdb63-cbcb-44d9-9c6b-941378cce263/lots/c335d03d-afb8-4073-a702-1aa1fb9e5872|sothebys]])]
+===== Opposition =====
+Jenner faced significant skepticism and opposition from the medical community initially.[([[https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2021/11/14/smallpox-anti-vaccine-england-jenner/|washingtonpost]])]
+===== Royal Society =====
+His work was initially rejected by the Royal Society, the leading scientific institution at the time.[([[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264410X24005036|sciencedirect]])]
+===== Recognition =====
+Despite early opposition, Jenner’s vaccine gradually gained acceptance and acclaim.[([[https://www.rcpe.ac.uk/sites/default/files/thurston.pdf|rcpe]])]
+===== Vaccination Promotion =====
+Jenner did not patent his discovery; he wanted it to be freely available to all.[([[https://wellcomecollection.org/articles/X1d2gREAAB8A3eun|wellcomecollection]])]
+===== Royal Endorsement =====
+The British royal family supported Jenner’s vaccination efforts, helping to popularize it.[([[https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/10.1377/hlthaff.24.3.611|healthaffairs]])]
+===== Global Impact =====
+Jenner’s work paved the way for the eventual eradication of smallpox in 1980.[([[https://www.royalmint.com/shop/commemorative/innovation/edward-jenner/a-vaccination-pioneer/|royalmint]])]
+===== Honorary Degrees =====
+He received honorary degrees from universities such as Oxford, Cambridge, and Harvard.[([[https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/37363713/Honorary%20degrees%20at%20Harvard.pdf?sequence=1|harvard]])]
+===== Financial Reward =====
+The British government awarded Jenner £10,000 in 1802 and another £20,000 in 1807 for his contributions.[([[https://www.jenner.ac.uk/about/edward-jenner|jenner]])]
+===== Vaccine Institutes =====
+Jenner established the Jennerian Institution in London to promote vaccination.[([[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edward-Jenner|britannica]])]
+===== Legacy =====
+Jenner is often called the "father of immunology."[([[https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/Edward-Jenner/|historic-uk]])]
+===== Statues =====
+Statues of Jenner can be found in various places, including Gloucester Cathedral and Kensington Gardens in London.[([[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/014107689608900910|sagepub]])]
+===== Scientific Correspondence =====
+Jenner maintained correspondence with many leading scientists of his time.[([[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1088251/|ncbi]])]
+===== Family =====
+He married Catherine Kingscote in 1788 and had four children.[([[https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/K2JV-XN4/edward-anthony-jenner-1749-1823|ancestors]])]
+===== Health =====
+Jenner himself was inoculated against smallpox as a child, which was the standard practice before his vaccine.[([[https://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects-and-stories/medicine/smallpox-and-story-vaccination|sciencemuseum]])]
+===== Smallpox =====
+Before Jenner’s vaccine, smallpox was a leading cause of death worldwide.[([[https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/history-disease-outbreaks-vaccine-timeline/smallpox|mayoclinic]])]
+===== Influence =====
+Jenner’s work influenced other scientists, leading to the development of vaccines for other diseases.[([[https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zxbqjsg/revision/6|bbc]])]
+===== Peaceful Use =====
+Jenner’s vaccine was one of the first medical technologies to spread internationally in peacetime.[([[https://www.vbivaccines.com/evlp-platform/edward-jenner-and-the-first-modern-vaccine/|vbivaccines]])]
+===== Burial =====
+Edward Jenner is buried in the parish churchyard of Berkeley, Gloucestershire.[([[https://www.jennerproject.com/location-8.html|jennerproject]])]
+===== Village Doctor =====
+Despite his fame, Jenner continued to work as a local doctor in Berkeley until his death.[([[https://canonjjohn.com/2020/10/24/heroes-of-the-faith-edward-jenner/|canonjjohn]])]
+===== Zoonosis =====
+Jenner’s work highlighted the concept of zoonotic diseases, which are transmitted from animals to humans.[([[https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-023-03736-8|biomedcentral]])]
+===== Variolation =====
+Jenner’s work replaced the older practice of variolation, which involved using smallpox material to induce immunity.[([[https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/variolation|sciencedirect]])]
+===== Cattle =====
+The cow from which Jenner took the cowpox virus was named Blossom; her hide is displayed in St George's Hospital library.[([[https://www.rcpath.org/static/73a2a525-c5de-4de4-993cb77470582552/26-Blossom-The-Cow.pdf|rcpath]])]
+===== Jenner Museum =====
+The house where Jenner lived and worked is now the Edward Jenner Museum.[([[https://jennermuseum.com/|jennermuseum]])]
+===== National Hero =====
+Jenner became a national hero in Britain for his life-saving discovery.[([[https://www.gresham.ac.uk/watch-now/life-and-legacy-dr-edward-jenner-frs-pioneer-vaccination|gresham]])]
+===== French Connection =====
+Napoleon, the French emperor, ordered his troops to be vaccinated, despite being at war with Britain.[([[https://cppdigitallibrary.org/exhibits/show/glimpse-beyond-the-stacks/french_vaccination_decree|cppdigitallibrary]])]
+===== Vaccination Spread =====
+Jenner’s methods spread rapidly across Europe, Asia, and the Americas.[([[https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html|cdc]])]
+===== Philosophical Views =====
+Jenner was a follower of the Enlightenment, believing in science and reason.[([[https://www.studocu.com/en-us/document/west-high-school-california/world-history/chapter6-enlightenmentandrevolution-128129/79332256|studocu]])]
+===== Botany =====
+He had an interest in botany and classified several plant species.[([[http://jshm.or.jp/journal/44-2/180-183.pdf|jshm]])]
+===== Fossils =====
+Jenner also collected fossils and made contributions to the field of geology.[([[https://myhero.com/Jenner_Fredricksberg_Academy_03|myhero]])]
+===== Spiritual Beliefs =====
+He was a devout Christian and saw his work as part of God’s plan.[([[https://www.ezrainstitute.com/resource-library/articles/vaccination-for-the-nation/|ezrainstitute]])]
+===== Early Death =====
+His wife, Catherine, died in 1815, which deeply affected Jenner.[([[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1200696/|ncbi]])]
+===== Death =====
+Edward Jenner died on January 26, 1823, at the age of 73.[([[https://www.bionity.com/en/encyclopedia/Edward_Jenner.html|bionity]])]
+===== Influence on Pasteur =====
+Louis Pasteur, who developed vaccines for rabies and anthrax, was inspired by Jenner’s work.[([[https://www.pasteur.fr/en/institut-pasteur/history/troisieme-epoque-1877-1887|pasteur]])]
+===== Global Health =====
+Jenner’s vaccination principles are the foundation of modern immunization programs.[([[https://www.who.int/news-room/spotlight/history-of-vaccination/a-brief-history-of-vaccination|who]])]
+===== Commemoration =====
+In 2002, Jenner was named one of the 100 Greatest Britons in a BBC poll.[([[https://www.quora.com/Why-was-Edward-Jenner-named-in-the-BBCs-list-of-the-100-greatest-Britons|quora]])]

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