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--- congo_civil_war [2023/08/16 13:12]
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+++ congo_civil_war [2023/08/17 13:09] (current)
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 Various rebel factions emerged with differing agendas, adding to the complexity of the conflict.[([[https://journals.openedition.org/cea/1318|openedition]])]
+===== Worse Relations With Neighbors =====
+The conflict strained relations between neighboring countries, with accusations of cross-border support for rebel groups.[([[https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/01/world/africa/congo-rwanda.html|nytimes]])]
+===== Sexual Violence =====
+Sexual violence was used as a weapon of war, with women and girls being particularly vulnerable.[([[https://www.corteidh.or.cr/tablas/r29631.pdf|corteidh]])]
+===== Uganda Violating International Law =====
+In 2002, the International Court of Justice ruled that Uganda had violated international law by plundering Congolese resources.[([[https://news.un.org/en/story/2005/12/164092|un]])]
+===== Accountability For War Crimes =====
+The conflict highlighted the challenges of establishing accountability for war crimes and holding perpetrators responsible.[([[https://reliefweb.int/report/world/strongly-condemning-rise-conflict-related-sexual-violence-speakers-urge-security-council-better-prevent-enforce-accountability-such-crimes|reliefweb]])]
+===== Natural Resources Looted =====
+Natural resources looted from the DRC during the war contributed to global supply chains.[([[https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Countries/CD/FS-5_Natural_Resources_FINAL.pdf|ohchr]])]
+===== Fragility Of DRC State =====
+The war revealed the fragility of the DRC's post-colonial state and its struggle to establish effective governance.[([[https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstreams/1a1bc554-9b8b-57ca-9868-13b4cf5ca380/download|worldbank]])]
+===== Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration =====
+Efforts to disarm and demobilize combatants were met with challenges, as many had become economically dependent on the conflict.[([[https://www.accord.org.za/conflict-trends/disarmament-demobilisation-reintegration-democratic-republic-congo/|accord]])]
+===== Emergence Of Armed Groups =====
+The war's aftermath saw the emergence of armed groups that continued to operate in various parts of the country.[([[https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/violence-democratic-republic-congo|cfr]])]
+===== UN Peacekeeping =====
+The UN's peacekeeping mission in the DRC, MONUSCO, remains one of the world's largest and most complex.[([[https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/07/1139262|un]])]
+===== Conflict Minerals =====
+The war brought attention to the issue of conflict minerals and their role in funding violence.[([[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301420721004037|sciencedirect]])]
+===== Mineral Wealth =====
+A 2010 study estimated that the DRC's mineral wealth had financed armed groups responsible for widespread atrocities.[([[https://www.transparency.org/files/content/corruptionqas/Country_Profile_DRC_2014.pdf|transparency]])]
+===== Strained Diplomatic Relations =====
+The conflict strained diplomatic relations between African nations, leading to ongoing tensions in the region.[([[https://www.eisa.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/occasional-paper-2016-types-of-conflict-in-africa-how-do-the-aprm-reports-address-conflict-south-africa-eisa.pdf|eisa]])]
+===== Short-lived Peace Agreements =====
+Numerous peace agreements were signed during the war, but many were short-lived and failed to bring lasting stability.[([[https://www.accord.org.za/ajcr-issues/peace-at-last/|accord]])]
+===== Complexity Of The Conflict =====
+The war's impact on neighboring countries, including refugee flows and cross-border violence, added to the complexity of the conflict.[([[https://www.jstor.org/stable/161648|jstor]])]
+===== DRC Still Being Rebuilt =====
+Efforts to rebuild the DRC and address the root causes of the conflict continue to this day, with the country still facing significant challenges.[([[https://www.concern.net/news/drc-crisis-explained|concern]])]

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