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--- congo_civil_war [2023/08/10 12:15]
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+++ congo_civil_war [2023/08/17 13:09] (current)
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 Angola, Namibia, and Zimbabwe intervened on behalf of Kabila's government, forming a coalition known as the "Allied Forces."[([[https://www.accord.org.za/ajcr-issues/%EF%BF%BCthe-politics-of-conflict-resolution-in-the-democratic-republic-of-congo/|accord]])]
+===== Displacement Of Congolese Civilians =====
+The war led to the displacement of millions of Congolese civilians, causing a severe humanitarian crisis.[([[https://reporting.unhcr.org/operational/situations/democratic-republic-congo-situation|unhcr]])]
+===== Human Rights Abuses =====
+Numerous human rights abuses, including massacres, rapes, and child soldier recruitment, were reported throughout the conflict.[([[https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2023/country-chapters/democratic-republic-congo|hrw]])]
+===== MONUSCO =====
+The United Nations established a peacekeeping mission, MONUC (later known as MONUSCO), to help stabilize the situation.[([[https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/monusco|peacekeeping]])]
+===== Ethnic Tensions =====
+The war exacerbated ethnic tensions, particularly between the Hutu and Tutsi populations.[([[https://www.history.com/topics/africa/rwandan-genocide|history]])]
+===== RCD Vs Kabila =====
+The Rwandan-backed rebel group Rally for Congolese Democracy (RCD) fought against the Kabila government.[([[https://eaaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/congo2002.pdf|eaaf]])]
+===== Jean-Pierre Bemba =====
+Uganda supported the Movement for the Liberation of Congo (MLC), led by rebel leader Jean-Pierre Bemba.[([[https://www.ictj.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-CAR-Bemba-Facts-2009-English.pdf|ictj]])]
+===== Arms Smuggling And Trading =====
+International arms smuggling and illegal resource trading fueled the conflict's duration.[([[https://press.un.org/en/2022/sc14871.doc.htm|un]])]
+===== Destabilization Of Neighboring Countries =====
+The war's impact extended beyond the DRC, destabilizing neighboring countries and leading to increased regional tensions.[([[https://www.gisreportsonline.com/r/drc-war/|gisreportsonline]])]
+===== Sun City Agreement =====
+The conflict officially ended in 2003 with the signing of the Sun City Agreement and the establishment of a transitional government.[([[https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/dr-congo-securing-peace-conflict-affected-areas|reliefweb]])]
+===== Ongoing Instability And Violence =====
+The war's legacy continues to shape Congolese politics and society, with ongoing instability and violence.[([[https://concernusa.org/news/drc-crisis-explained/|concernusa]])]
+===== Limitations Of UN Peacekeeping =====
+The conflict exposed the limitations of UN peacekeeping and sparked discussions about reforming international intervention efforts.[([[https://press.un.org/en/2009/sc9583.doc.htm|un]])]
+===== Child Soldiers =====
+Child soldier recruitment was rampant during the war, and efforts to reintegrate former child soldiers into society have been ongoing.[([[https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/afr620342003en.pdf|amnesty]])]
+===== DRC Healthcare System =====
+The war had a detrimental impact on the DRC's healthcare system, leading to the spread of diseases such as HIV/AIDS and malaria.[([[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8438513/|ncbi]])]
+===== Laurent-Désiré Kabila Assassination =====
+Laurent-Désiré Kabila was assassinated in 2001, leading to his son Joseph Kabila assuming the presidency.[([[https://www.aljazeera.com/videos/2011/10/27/murder-in-kinshasa-2|aljazeera]])]
+===== War Crimes And Crimes Against Humanity =====
+War crimes and crimes against humanity were committed by various parties involved in the conflict.[([[https://www.icc-cpi.int/drc|icc]])]
+===== Disruption =====
+The war disrupted the country's infrastructure, including roads, schools, and hospitals.[([[https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/00157630-EN-ERP-48.PDF|afdb]])]
+===== Difficulty To Provide Aid =====
+The presence of armed groups and instability made it difficult to provide humanitarian aid to affected populations.[([[https://www.peopleinneed.net/what-we-do/humanitarian-aid-and-development/dr-congo/emergency-response-recovery|peopleinneed]])]
+===== Vast Rainforests =====
+The DRC's vast rainforests, home to diverse wildlife, suffered environmental damage due to displacement and resource exploitation.[([[https://dgap.org/en/research/publications/climate-and-environmental-security-democratic-republic-congo|dgap]])]
+===== Web Of Alliances And Rivalries =====
+The conflict resulted in an intricate web of alliances and rivalries among rebel groups and foreign actors.[([[https://www.iiss.org/blogs/analysis/2022/11/acs-2022-sub-saharan-africa|iiss]])]
+===== New Constitution In 2006 =====
+The establishment of a new constitution in 2006 marked an important step towards stability in the DRC.[([[https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4be3c8e90.pdf|refworld]])]
+===== Collapse Of Economy =====
+The war led to the collapse of the DRC's formal economy, exacerbating poverty and inequality.[([[https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/book/9781589062528/ch02.xml|imf]])]
+===== Different Agendas =====
+Various rebel factions emerged with differing agendas, adding to the complexity of the conflict.[([[https://journals.openedition.org/cea/1318|openedition]])]
+===== Worse Relations With Neighbors =====
+The conflict strained relations between neighboring countries, with accusations of cross-border support for rebel groups.[([[https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/01/world/africa/congo-rwanda.html|nytimes]])]
+===== Sexual Violence =====
+Sexual violence was used as a weapon of war, with women and girls being particularly vulnerable.[([[https://www.corteidh.or.cr/tablas/r29631.pdf|corteidh]])]
+===== Uganda Violating International Law =====
+In 2002, the International Court of Justice ruled that Uganda had violated international law by plundering Congolese resources.[([[https://news.un.org/en/story/2005/12/164092|un]])]
+===== Accountability For War Crimes =====
+The conflict highlighted the challenges of establishing accountability for war crimes and holding perpetrators responsible.[([[https://reliefweb.int/report/world/strongly-condemning-rise-conflict-related-sexual-violence-speakers-urge-security-council-better-prevent-enforce-accountability-such-crimes|reliefweb]])]
+===== Natural Resources Looted =====
+Natural resources looted from the DRC during the war contributed to global supply chains.[([[https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Countries/CD/FS-5_Natural_Resources_FINAL.pdf|ohchr]])]
+===== Fragility Of DRC State =====
+The war revealed the fragility of the DRC's post-colonial state and its struggle to establish effective governance.[([[https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstreams/1a1bc554-9b8b-57ca-9868-13b4cf5ca380/download|worldbank]])]
+===== Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration =====
+Efforts to disarm and demobilize combatants were met with challenges, as many had become economically dependent on the conflict.[([[https://www.accord.org.za/conflict-trends/disarmament-demobilisation-reintegration-democratic-republic-congo/|accord]])]
+===== Emergence Of Armed Groups =====
+The war's aftermath saw the emergence of armed groups that continued to operate in various parts of the country.[([[https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/violence-democratic-republic-congo|cfr]])]
+===== UN Peacekeeping =====
+The UN's peacekeeping mission in the DRC, MONUSCO, remains one of the world's largest and most complex.[([[https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/07/1139262|un]])]
+===== Conflict Minerals =====
+The war brought attention to the issue of conflict minerals and their role in funding violence.[([[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301420721004037|sciencedirect]])]
+===== Mineral Wealth =====
+A 2010 study estimated that the DRC's mineral wealth had financed armed groups responsible for widespread atrocities.[([[https://www.transparency.org/files/content/corruptionqas/Country_Profile_DRC_2014.pdf|transparency]])]
+===== Strained Diplomatic Relations =====
+The conflict strained diplomatic relations between African nations, leading to ongoing tensions in the region.[([[https://www.eisa.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/occasional-paper-2016-types-of-conflict-in-africa-how-do-the-aprm-reports-address-conflict-south-africa-eisa.pdf|eisa]])]
+===== Short-lived Peace Agreements =====
+Numerous peace agreements were signed during the war, but many were short-lived and failed to bring lasting stability.[([[https://www.accord.org.za/ajcr-issues/peace-at-last/|accord]])]
+===== Complexity Of The Conflict =====
+The war's impact on neighboring countries, including refugee flows and cross-border violence, added to the complexity of the conflict.[([[https://www.jstor.org/stable/161648|jstor]])]
+===== DRC Still Being Rebuilt =====
+Efforts to rebuild the DRC and address the root causes of the conflict continue to this day, with the country still facing significant challenges.[([[https://www.concern.net/news/drc-crisis-explained|concern]])]

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