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--- charlemagne [2024/08/19 04:48]
eziothekilla34 created
+++ charlemagne [2024/09/18 12:04] (current)
eziothekilla34
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 Charlemagne's full name was Carolus Magnus, Latin for "Charles the Great." He is also known as Karl der Große in German.[([[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charlemagne|britannica]])]
+===== Born in 747 or 748 =====
+Charlemagne was born on April 2, but the exact year is uncertain, either 747 or 748.[([[https://www.foliamagazine.it/en/birth-of-charlemagne/|foliamagazine]])]
+===== Son of Pepin the Short =====
+Charlemagne was the son of Pepin the Short, the first king of the Carolingian dynasty, and Bertrada of Laon.[([[https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-herkimer-westerncivilization/chapter/the-rise-of-charlemagne/|lumenlearning]])]
+===== Became King in 768 =====
+Charlemagne became King of the Franks in 768, succeeding his father, Pepin the Short.[([[https://study.com/academy/lesson/who-was-charlemagne-biography-family-tree-accomplishments.html|study]])]
+===== Ruled for Over 40 Years =====
+Charlemagne ruled for 46 years, from 768 until his death in 814.[([[https://www.history.com/topics/middle-ages/charlemagne|history]])]
+===== Co-Ruled with His Brother =====
+Initially, Charlemagne co-ruled with his younger brother Carloman I, but Carloman's sudden death in 771 made Charlemagne the sole ruler.[([[https://www.holyromanempireassociation.com/emperor-charlemagne---charles-the-great.html|holyromanempireassociation]])]
+===== Expanded the Frankish Empire =====
+Charlemagne greatly expanded the Frankish Empire, conquering much of Western and Central Europe, including parts of present-day France, Germany, Italy, and beyond.[([[https://historyguild.org/the-carolingian-dynasty/|historyguild]])]
+===== Crowned Emperor in 800 =====
+On Christmas Day in the year 800, Charlemagne was crowned "Emperor of the Romans" by Pope Leo III, reviving the title in Western Europe.[([[https://www.history.com/topics/middle-ages/charlemagne|history]])]
+===== First Holy Roman Emperor =====
+Charlemagne is often considered the first Holy Roman Emperor, even though the official Holy Roman Empire was established later.[([[https://www.quora.com/Why-do-some-sources-say-Charlemagne-was-the-first-Holy-Roman-Emperor-but-other-sources-say-it-was-Otto|quora]])]
+===== Revived the Roman Empire =====
+His coronation marked the revival of the Roman Empire in the West, which had fallen nearly 300 years earlier.[([[https://wou.edu/history/files/2015/08/Monica-Fleener.pdf|wou]])]
+===== Carolingian Renaissance =====
+Charlemagne initiated the Carolingian Renaissance, a revival of art, culture, and learning based on classical models.[([[https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/medieval-world/carolingian-ottonian/carolingian1/a/carolingian-art-an-introduction|khanacademy]])]
+===== Promoted Education =====
+Charlemagne promoted education and literacy, founding schools and encouraging the study of Latin, grammar, rhetoric, and logic.[([[https://www.jstor.org/stable/45019845|jstor]])]
+===== Alcuin of York =====
+He invited the scholar Alcuin of York to his court, who became one of the leading figures in the Carolingian Renaissance.[([[https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Alcuin-Of-York/|historic-uk]])]
+===== Established a Standardized Script =====
+Under Charlemagne's rule, the Carolingian minuscule, a standardized script, was developed. It became the basis for modern European handwriting.[([[https://www.jstor.org/stable/45019845|jstor]])]
+===== Divided the Empire =====
+Charlemagne divided his empire among his three sons, but only one, Louis the Pious, survived to inherit the entire empire.[([[https://www.quora.com/Why-did-Charlemagne-divide-his-country-among-his-sons|quora]])]
+===== Missi Dominici =====
+He established the Missi Dominici, royal agents who traveled throughout the empire to ensure local officials were obeying royal orders.[([[https://app.studyraid.com/en/read/1700/23740/charlemagne-and-the-carolingian-renaissance|studyraid]])]
+===== Religious Reforms =====
+Charlemagne reformed the Church, standardizing liturgical practices and strengthening the Church’s ties to the state.[([[https://historyguild.org/the-carolingian-dynasty/|historyguild]])]
+===== Supported Missionary Work =====
+He supported missionary efforts to convert pagan tribes, particularly in Saxony and the Slavic regions.[([[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/conquest-and-christianization/saxon-wars/382EDCA406541285501828C7F7C0A7D7|cambridge]])]
+===== Saxon Wars =====
+Charlemagne fought a series of brutal wars against the Saxons, eventually conquering and Christianizing them.[([[https://www.quora.com/What-was-Anglo-Saxons-response-to-Charlemagnes-Saxon-Wars|quora]])]
+===== Capitularies =====
+He issued legal decrees known as capitularies, which covered a wide range of topics, from religious to administrative matters.[([[https://capitularia.uni-koeln.de/en/project/definition/|capitularia]])]
+===== Cultural Patronage =====
+Charlemagne was a patron of the arts and letters, commissioning many works of art and literature.[([[https://www.thecollector.com/charlemagne-art-patron/|thecollector]])]
+===== Palace at Aachen =====
+He built a grand palace and chapel at Aachen (modern-day Germany), which became the center of his empire.[([[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/3/|unesco]])]
+===== Pater Europae =====
+Charlemagne is often referred to as the "Father of Europe" due to his role in shaping the continent's political and cultural landscape.[([[https://www.bartleby.com/essay/Charlemagne-The-Father-Of-Europe-FZXZCA9AP6|bartleby]])]
+===== Alliance with the Papacy =====
+He formed a close alliance with the papacy, which solidified the relationship between the Frankish kingdom and the Catholic Church.[([[https://www.britannica.com/event/Donation-of-Pippin|britannica]])]
+===== Marriage Diplomacy =====
+Charlemagne used marriage as a diplomatic tool, marrying several times and arranging marriages for his children to form alliances.[([[https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781400845217-018/html?lang=de|degruyter]])]
+===== Personal Appearance =====
+Contemporary accounts describe Charlemagne as tall (around 6 feet 3 inches), with a commanding presence, fair hair, and a full face.[([[https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Charlemagne|newworldencyclopedia]])]
+===== Polyglot =====
+Charlemagne was reportedly fluent in Latin and understood Greek, though he primarily spoke Old High German.[([[https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1emh7q/what_language_did_charlemagne_speak/|reddit]])]
+===== Interest in Learning =====
+Despite being illiterate in his early years, Charlemagne learned to read later in life and took a keen interest in scholarly pursuits.[([[https://www.historyinthemargins.com/2011/08/23/charlemagne-the-education-emperor/|historyinthemargins]])]
+===== Legal Reforms =====
+Charlemagne reformed the legal system, integrating Roman law with Germanic traditions and issuing numerous legal codes.[([[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367964750_Roman_Law_Medieval_Jurisprudence_and_the_Rise_of_the_European_Ius_Commune_Perspectives_on_the_Origins_of_the_Civil_Law_Tradition|researchgate]])]
+===== Coinage Reform =====
+He reformed the coinage system, introducing a silver-based currency that became a standard in Europe for centuries.[([[https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-herkimer-westerncivilization/chapter/charlemagnes-reforms/|lumenlearning]])]
+===== Burial at Aachen =====
+Charlemagne was buried in Aachen Cathedral, and his tomb became a major pilgrimage site.[([[https://www.nrw-tourism.com/a-aachen-cathedral|nrw-tourism]])]
+===== Canonization =====
+Charlemagne was canonized by the antipope Paschal III in 1165, although his sainthood is not universally recognized by the Catholic Church.[([[https://reliquarian.com/2013/05/02/charlemagne-saint-of-the-holy-roman-empire/|reliquarian]])]
+===== Legacy of Unity =====
+His reign is often seen as a precursor to the idea of a unified Europe, influencing later European leaders.[([[https://www.history.com/topics/middle-ages/charlemagne|history]])]
+===== Charlemagne Prize =====
+The Charlemagne Prize, awarded annually in Aachen, honors individuals or institutions for their contributions to European unity.[([[https://www.karlspreis.de/en/charlemagne-prize/who-is-awarded-the-prize|karlspreis]])]
+===== Economic Policies =====
+Charlemagne implemented economic reforms, such as standardizing weights and measures, to promote trade and stability.[([[https://www.quora.com/What-are-Charlemagne-s-government-and-reforms|quora]])]
+===== Military Reforms =====
+He reorganized the military, establishing a system of feudal obligations that became the basis for medieval European warfare.[([[https://study.com/academy/lesson/feudalism-charlemagne-and-the-holy-roman-empire.html|study]])]
+===== The Song of Roland =====
+Charlemagne is a central figure in "The Song of Roland," an epic poem that glorifies his reign and military campaigns.[([[https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9780191628191_A30390702/preview-9780191628191_A30390702.pdf|pageplace]])]
+===== Depictions in Art =====
+Charlemagne has been depicted in countless works of art, including sculptures, paintings, and manuscripts.[([[https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/caro/hd_caro.htm|metmuseum]])]
+===== Influence on Law =====
+His legal reforms influenced the development of European law, particularly in France and Germany.[([[https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/documents/1555/06_Nelson_1803.pdf|thebritishacademy]])]
+===== Charlemagne's Sword =====
+His legendary sword, Joyeuse, is a symbol of his power and is part of the French coronation regalia.[([[https://broaden-horizons.fr/blog-en/joyeuse-the-legendary-sword-of-charlemagne-in-the-louvre/|broaden-horizons]])]
+===== Annals of the Frankish Kings =====
+The Annales Regni Francorum, or Annals of the Frankish Kings, provide a detailed account of his reign and accomplishments.[([[https://www.academia.edu/1519668/Royal_Frankish_Annals_on_the_Serbs_in_the_Early_Twenties|academia]])]
+===== Relics and Myth =====
+Numerous relics and myths have grown around Charlemagne, including claims that he will return to save Europe in its time of need.[([[https://academic.oup.com/book/12005/chapter/161275199|oup]])]
+===== Admired by Napoleon =====
+Napoleon Bonaparte admired Charlemagne and saw himself as his successor, even being crowned Emperor in a similar ceremony.[([[https://www.napoleon.org/en/history-of-the-two-empires/articles/napoleon-and-charlemagne/|napoleon]])]
+===== Education for Women =====
+Charlemagne encouraged the education of women, particularly in religious communities.[([[https://christianhistoryinstitute.org/magazine/article/charlemagne-for-the-love-of-learning|christianhistoryinstitute]])]
+===== Influence on Feudalism =====
+Charlemagne’s reign laid the groundwork for the feudal system that would dominate Europe for centuries.[([[https://www.historyskills.com/classroom/ancient-history/charlemagne-reading/?srsltid=AfmBOoqU2MryhwgCmta6WLgt8gRMFUtbZM5w2oOtzH7AnWO3eD8_9xcC|historyskills]])]

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